General information about Greece
At the point where three continents meet. Europe, Asia and Africa is Greece, rocking in the waters of the eastern Mediterranean. The area of Greece is small, but its spiritual radiance is very large. Because from this corner of the world was born the highest civilization that ever existed. The institutions, the organization, the arts, the letters and the sciences as well as all the other elements, that now coexist with the Western civilization, have their roots in Ancient Greece.
This enchanting land, which encompasses thousands of islands across the Aegean and Ionian seas, is considered the cradle of Western civilization. Its influence on language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts endures to this day. Greece’s profound cultural heritage, combined with its natural beauty and modern vibrancy, makes it a captivating destination for travellers from around the globe.
Greek culture is a vibrant fusion of the old and the new. Traditional music, dance, and cuisine are proudly preserved and celebrated in festivals and daily life. At the same time, contemporary Greek culture — from cinema and music to literature and art thrives, showcasing the country’s ability to evolve while maintaining a deep connection to its past. Greek cuisine, characterized by its simplicity and the use of fresh, local ingredients like olive oil, fish, and vegetables, is celebrated worldwide for its health benefits and flavours.
Greece’s natural beauty is as diverse as its cultural heritage. From the idyllic beaches of the Cyclades to the rugged mountains of the north, the country offers a wide array of landscapes to explore. The islands, each with its own unique charm, attract visitors seeking sun, sea, and sand, while the mainland boasts ancient forests, rivers, and lakes, offering opportunities for hiking, rafting, and exploring. The country’s climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, makes it an attractive destination year-round.
Mythology
Greek mythology is an integral part of ancient Greek culture, encompassing a vast collection of myths and stories about gods, goddesses, heroes, and mythical creatures. These tales were not only a means of entertainment but also a way to explain the mysteries of nature and the complexities of human behaviour.
Central to Greek mythology is the pantheon of deities that reside on Mount Olympus, ruled by Zeus, the king of the gods. His notable family members include Hera, his wife and goddess of marriage; Poseidon, god of the sea; and Athena, goddess of wisdom and war. Alongside the gods, the myths include remarkable heroes such as Hercules, known for his incredible strength and daring adventures, and Odysseus, famed for his intelligence and central role in the Trojan War.
These characters and their stories are deeply embedded in the fabric of Greek culture and have significant influence on Western literature and art, providing archetypal themes and characters that resonate through the ages.
Historical overview
Greece’s history is a rich mosaic of cultural achievements and political events that have profoundly influenced Western civilization. Ancient Greece, emerging in the Bronze Age, was a collection of independent city-states, each with its own form of government and unique culture. The most famous of these, Athens and Sparta, epitomized contrasting societies—the former a cradle of democracy, philosophy, and art, and the latter a model of military discipline and oligarchy.
The classical period of the 5th century BCE saw Athens reach its zenith under Pericles, flourishing in art, drama, and science. However, internal strife and conflict, like the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, led to decline. The subsequent centuries were marked by the conquests of Alexander the Great, who spread Greek culture across a vast Macedonian empire that extended from the Mediterranean to the fringes of India.
Following Alexander’s death, Greek influence waned and Rome gradually asserted dominance over the Hellenistic world, incorporating Greece as part of its empire. The spread of Christianity in the first centuries AD transformed Greek society, which became a core part of the Byzantine Empire after the division of the Roman Empire in the 4th century AD.
The Byzantine period endured for a millennium until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks. Greek culture and Orthodox Christianity survived under Ottoman rule, despite frequent uprisings and the harsh conditions of subjugation.
The modern nation of Greece emerged from the War of Independence in the 1820s, inspired by the Enlightenment ideas of liberty and nationalism. The 20th century was tumultuous, marked by wars, a disastrous Asia Minor campaign, military dictatorship, and political instability. However, the restoration of democracy in 1974 and subsequent economic growth stabilized Greek society.
Today, Greece celebrates its ancient heritage as much as its vibrant modern culture, continuing to be a pivotal link between the ancient and modern worlds. Its historical journey from the classical golden age through Byzantine and Ottoman rule to modern independence reflects a legacy of resilience and profound influence on global culture.
Information about the Greek state
The Greek State is a parliamentary republic with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government. The country has been undergoing significant reforms in recent years, especially in terms of its public finances.
The Greek Constitution provides for three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. The Legislative branch consists of a unicameral parliament called the Hellenic Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon. It has 300 members who are elected every four years through proportional representation.
The Executive branch comprises the Prime Minister as well as other Ministers appointed by him/her who manage specific departments such as finance, foreign affairs, defense etc. Under this system, political parties play an important role in shaping policy-making decisions.
The Judicial branch is responsible for interpreting laws and resolving legal disputes. It includes courts at different levels – from district to supreme court – organized hierarchically.
Greece’s parliamentary democracy system balances power between various branches allowing citizens’ voices to be heard while ensuring that no single entity can hold too much sway over governing policies and procedures.
Greek government
The Greek government is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, with the President serving as the head of state and the Prime Minister leading the government. The current President is Katerina Sakellaropoulou, who assumed office in March 2020.
The Hellenic Parliament consists of 300 members elected for a four-year term through a system of proportional representation. Greece has a multi-party system, with New Democracy, PASOK and SYRIZA being the three major political parties that have been alternating power since 1974.
Despite having faced financial crises in recent years, the Greek government has implemented various economic reforms to improve its economy. The major sectors contributing to Greece’s GDP are tourism, shipping industry and agriculture.
The Greek government also plays an important role in promoting culture by investing in institutions like museums and archaeological sites. In addition to this, they provide support for festivals and events celebrating Greek traditions and customs.
Despite facing challenges such as high unemployment rates and debt burdens over recent years, the Greek government continues to strive towards improving their economy while preserving their rich cultural heritage.
Greek politics
Greek politics have been tumultuous in recent years, with several ups and downs. The country has a parliamentary representative democratic republic system of governance consisting of three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial.
The Greek Prime Minister (Konstantinos Mitsotsakis 2018-2022-23 ) is the head of government elected by Parliament’s majority vote for a maximum term of four years. Greek parliament comprises 300 members who are elected via nationwide general elections every four years.
However, Greece’s political scene remains fragmented as various political parties hold distinct views on issues like austerity and social welfare policies that affect the country’s economy.
The major political parties include Nea Democratia (ND), the socialist party PASOK , Syriza and the Communist Party of Greece (KKE).
Greek citizens actively participate in politics as they widely exercise their right to vote during national elections. Nevertheless, since the onset of its economic crisis in 2008-09; unemployment rates increased leading to mass emigration leaving behind an aging population.
Greek economy facts
The Greek economy has been through a lot of turmoil in recent years. In 2008, the global financial crisis hit Greece hard and exposed its deep-rooted economic issues. Consequently, Greece had to receive multiple bailouts from the European Union to avoid bankruptcy.
One of the major challenges facing the Greek economy is high levels of public debt, which stands at over 180% of GDP. This means that Greece owes more money than it produces annually. Another issue is high unemployment rates, especially among young people.
To address these problems, several reforms have been implemented by successive governments in recent years. These include reducing government spending and increasing taxes to boost revenue.
However, despite these efforts, some argue that Greece’s economy remains fragile due to ongoing political instability and corruption concerns. Nevertheless, there are promising signs such as growth in key sectors like tourism and shipping.
Industry
Greek industry makes up 9% of GDP, contributes 87% of the value of goods exports and 42% of total exports (including tourism, shipping and transport). At the same time, it contributes 40% of the total income tax of legal entities and 13% of the wages of employees in Greece, while it pays its employees 37% better than the average. Finally, it contributes 37% to the Research and Development expenditures carried out in our country and invests 5 times more than any other sector of our economy.
The importance of the Greek industry for the domestic economy is self-evident and is a continuation of the international example, in which the most economically developed countries in the world are also the most industrially developed.
Greek industry is dominated by companies that possess the critical size to further develop internationally and by others that possess qualitative differentiation characteristics. Both are necessary for its growth. Not having significant access to raw materials, important geographical advantages that make the supply chain easier compared to the markets of central and northern Europe and without a significant size of the domestic market, the Greek industry is obliged from the outset to be extroverted and diversified in terms of the products produced her. But above all it must develop by having national champions who can influence an ecosystem of industries and businesses at local, regional and national level.
Population of Greece
The population has experienced various changes due to economic circumstances, emigration patterns, and demographic trends. As of recent estimates, Greece’s population is about 10.4 million people. This marks a slight decline from previous years, attributed to a low birth rate and high emigration rates, with many Greeks moving abroad in search of better economic opportunities.
The population distribution in Greece is uneven, with a significant concentration in urban areas, especially in and around Athens, the capital, which alone is home to approximately one-third of the country’s total population. Thessaloniki, the second-largest city, also hosts a substantial number of residents but far fewer than Athens.
Greek society is aging, with a median age that is one of the highest in Europe. This demographic trend poses potential challenges for the country’s social services and economic infrastructure, reflecting broader trends seen across other developed nations.
Greece’s population density varies significantly from region to region, with sparse populations in mountainous areas and higher densities in the plains and coastal regions where agricultural and economic activities are concentrated. The Greek islands also vary widely in population density, with some hosting large communities and others being sparsely populated.
Land and resources
Greece is distinguished by its diverse and extensive natural landscapes, which significantly influence both its culture and economy. The country’s geography is prominently mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak. These mountains are not only historical and cultural landmarks but also support local flora and fauna, contributing to Greece’s biodiversity.
The Greek landscape also features a vast coastline, which includes numerous islands that vary widely in size and character. The interaction between the mountainous regions and the extensive coastlines creates a variety of climates and habitats within the country. This geographical diversity makes Greece one of the leading tourist destinations in the world, with its beautiful beaches, rugged landscapes, and temperate climate attracting millions of visitors annually.
In terms of resources, Greece’s land is rich in a variety of minerals, including lignite, which is pivotal for the country’s energy sector. Other notable natural resources include iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, and marble, a stone historically significant and still quarried today in Penteli mountain in Attica.
Agriculture also plays a crucial role in the Greek economy with the country’s fertile plains supporting olive groves and vineyards, producing significant quantities of olive oil and wine, which are key exports. However, the agricultural sector is challenged by the limited arable land due to the country’s mountainous terrain.
Furthermore, Greece’s marine resources are an essential part of its economy with the fishing industry being an important source of income in the coastal and island communities. The Mediterranean waters surrounding Greece are rich in fish, which support both local consumption and export.
Drainage in Greece
The drainage system of Greece is shaped significantly by the country’s rugged terrain, which includes numerous mountain ranges and the extensive irregular coastline. The presence of mountains has a direct influence on the flow patterns and characteristics of the rivers.
Most Greek rivers are not navigable and are characterized by their seasonal variability in water flow, with the majority of them drying up in the summer months due to the Mediterranean climate, which features hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This seasonal fluctuation reflects the dependence of the rivers on rainfall, with minimal contributions from snowmelt, unlike the rivers in many colder climates.
The river systems in Greece generally flow from the west to the east, originating from the mountainous regions and emptying into the Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, or the Mediterranean Sea. The major Greek rivers include the Aliakmonas, which is the longest river wholly within Greece, flowing through the northern region before reaching the Aegean Sea. Other significant rivers are the Achelous and the Evros, the latter forming a significant part of the border between Greece and Turkey.
In addition to rivers, Greece’s drainage also involves several lakes and wetlands, with the lakes often being small and seasonally variable. Lake Trichonida is the largest natural lake, providing a crucial ecosystem for various species of wildlife and serving as a vital water resource.
The combination of Greece’s topography, climate, and human activities has led to various challenges related to water management, including issues with water quality and seasonal shortages in some areas, influencing agricultural practices and urban water use.
Vegetation
Greece’s vegetation is diverse, largely due to its varied climate and topography which ranges from lush wetlands to arid and semi-arid areas. The country’s plant life reflects a typical Mediterranean distribution, characterized by a combination of shrublands, forests, and cultivated areas that have adapted to the Mediterranean climate, which features wet, mild winters and hot, dry summers.
One of the most characteristic vegetation types in Greece is the maquis, a type of dense shrubland that includes evergreen shrubs and small trees such as myrtle, holly oak, and juniper. These are well-adapted to the dry summer climate of the Mediterranean. Another similar vegetation type is the phrygana, which comprises low-growing shrubs, herbs, and grasses that are even more drought-resistant, thriving in the poorest of soils.
Forests in Greece vary in composition and are primarily found in the northern and more mountainous regions of the country. These areas host deciduous forests with species such as oaks, while in higher altitudes, coniferous trees such as pines and firs dominate. The uniqueness of the Greek landscape is also highlighted by the presence of various endemic plant species in the mountainous areas, which are not found anywhere else in the world.
In addition to natural vegetation, Greece’s landscapes are also marked by extensive cultivated areas. Olive trees and grapevines are especially common, reflecting their economic and cultural importance through history. These cultivated areas are interspersed with natural patches of forest and maquis, creating a mosaic of habitats that contribute to the biodiversity of the region.
Energy resources
Greece is poorly endowed with minerals and fuel. Although some lignite (a soft coal) is produced, no economically significant coal deposits exist. Oil has been found in north-western Greece and on the floor of the Aegean Sea. The Pinos oil field, off the island of Thαsos, has been producing petroleum since 1981. Reserves of hydroelectric power are slight because of the small size and seasonal flow of most rivers. Iron ore and bauxite are the most important mineral resources; bauxite is quarried to the north of the Gulf of Corinth, and most of it is exported. Small amounts of pyrites (used in making sulfuric acid), lead, zinc, magnesite, manganese, chrome, and silver are also mined. In most cases the ore is exported for smelting elsewhere.
Places to visit in Greece
Historical landmarks and archaeological sites
Greece’s historical landmarks and archaeological sites are invaluable treasures of humanity, offering lessons that resonate far beyond their physical boundaries. They stand as testaments to human ingenuity, creativity, and the enduring quest for knowledge and beauty. As such, they are not only destinations for tourists and scholars but also sources of inspiration for people around the world, reminding us of our shared heritage and the timeless values that continue to shape our collective identity.
Central to Greece’s historical landscape is the Acropolis of Athens, a symbol of the power and culture of ancient Athens. Perched atop a rocky outcrop above the city, the Acropolis is home to several iconic structures, including the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena Nike. These monuments represent the zenith of classical Greek art and architecture and have been pivotal in shaping Western aesthetic standards.
Another landmark of unparalleled significance is Delphi, once considered the centre of the world in ancient Greek religion. Home to the oracle of Apollo, Delphi attracted pilgrims from across the Greek world seeking divine guidance. The site comprises the Temple of Apollo, the ancient theatre, and the Delphi Archaeological Museum, which houses artifacts spanning thousands of years.
The ancient city of Knossos on Crete offers insights into the Minoan civilization, one of Europe’s earliest advanced societies. The sprawling palace complex is renowned for its sophisticated architecture, vibrant frescoes, and the legend of the Minotaur, showcasing the blend of historical fact and myth that characterizes much of Greece’s ancient history.
Olympia, the birthplace of the Olympic Games, is another site of great historical and cultural importance. The ancient sanctuary hosted athletes from across the Greek world who competed in honour of Zeus. Today, the ruins of the gymnasium, stadium, and temples provide a glimpse into the origins of this global sporting tradition.
Beyond these iconic sites, Greece is dotted with numerous other archaeological treasures, from the theatres of Epidaurus and Dion, the sanctuaries of Dodona and Eleusis, to the medieval ruins of Mystras and the monasteries of Meteora. Each site offers a unique perspective on the various civilizations that have inhabited this land, contributing to the rich mosaic of Greek history.
The preservation and study of these landmarks are of paramount importance, not only for understanding Greece’s past but also for the insights they provide into human civilization. Archaeological excavations continue to reveal new findings, shedding light on ancient societies’ social, political, and cultural dynamics.
Off the beaten path
When travellers dream of Greece, images of the sparkling Aegean Sea, the white-washed buildings of Santorini, and the historic ruins of Athens often come to mind. However, Greece offers an abundance of hidden gems beyond these well-trodden paths that promise equally enriching experiences with fewer crowds. Exploring these off-the-beaten-track destinations not only reveals the country’s diverse landscapes and rich cultural heritage but also provides a more intimate glimpse into the local way of life.
Just a stone’s throw from the bustling Santorini lies the serene island of Anafi. Known for its pristine beaches and rugged landscape, Anafi is perfect for those looking to escape the tourist crowds. The island offers spectacular hiking opportunities, including trails leading to the ancient monastery of Panagia Kalamiotissa set on a dramatic cliff-top. Anafi’s slow pace of life and traditional architecture provide a perfect backdrop for a peaceful retreat.
Nisyros is a volcanic island that boasts a mesmerizing lunar landscape. Visitors can explore the active volcanic crater and experience the unique natural beauty of the island. The charming villages of Nisyros, such as Mandraki and Nikia, are characterized by cobblestone streets and traditional Greek houses. The island also offers insightful museums and welcoming tavernas serving local delicacies.
Monemvasia, often referred to as the “stone ship,” is located on a small island off the east coast of the Peloponnese and linked to the mainland by a short causeway. This medieval fortress town is invisible from the mainland, thus its nickname. Visitors can wander through the winding streets, explore the well-preserved Byzantine churches, and enjoy stunning views of the Aegean from the upper town’s walls.
Pilion is a lush region that stretches along the Aegean coast, offering a unique blend of mountain and sea. This area is known for its traditional villages like Makrinitsa and Tsagarada, where grand mansions and leafy squares make for picturesque settings. Pilion is ideal for outdoor activities ranging from skiing in the winter to trekking and swimming in the summer. The local cuisine, rich in pies and seafood, reflects the region’s rich culinary traditions.
Vikos Gorge and Zagorohoria located in the Pindus Mountains of Epirus, the Vikos Gorge is one of the deepest canyons in the world and a paradise for hikers. The surrounding region, Zagorohoria, is a cluster of 46 stone-built villages connected by scenic paths lined with cobblestones. These villages offer a glimpse into traditional Greek mountain life and provide access to numerous walking trails that lead through lush forests and alongside pristine rivers.
Between Rhodes and Crete lies the rugged island of Karpathos, whose diverse landscapes range from stunning beaches to dramatic mountain vistas. The island’s isolated villages, like Olympos, have preserved unique customs and traditional dress, giving visitors a living insight into Greece’s heritage. Karpathos is an excellent spot for windsurfing as well, especially at the beaches of Afiartis.
Another Dodecanese gem, Symi boasts a striking neoclassical port town with pastel-colored houses stacked neatly up the hillside. Beyond its picturesque capital, the island offers secluded beaches accessible only by boat, such as Agios Nikolaos. Symi is also renowned for its seafood cuisine, particularly its shrimp dishes.
Museums
From the iconic Acropolis Museum in Athens to the lesser-known, yet fascinating, Museum of Olive Oil in Sparta, the country offers a diverse range of institutions that are sure to captivate any visitor.
In the heart of Athens, the Acropolis Museum stands out as a modern architectural gem that houses ancient treasures. This museum not only showcases the sculptures and artifacts from the Acropolis but does so in a space that echoes the layout and orientation of the famous hilltop temple complex itself. Its glass floors provide a transparent view down to the archaeological remains, integrating the old with the new in a seamless narrative.
Not far from the bustling city centre, the National Archaeological Museum offers a comprehensive overview of Greek civilization through its vast collection of artifacts ranging from prehistory to late antiquity. This museum is especially renowned for its collection of Greek sculpture and pottery, providing insight into the artistic achievements and daily life of ancient Greeks.
On the island of Crete, the Heraklion Archaeological Museum serves as the perfect introduction to the mysterious world of the Minoans. Here, visitors can marvel at the vibrant frescoes and the famous Phaistos Disc, whose inscriptions have puzzled linguists for decades.
The Vergina Museum, officially known as the Royal Tombs Museum, is a profound and unique archaeological museum located in Vergina, in northern Greece. Situated near the ancient city of Aigai, the first capital of the Kingdom of Macedon, this museum is renowned for its subterranean structure that protects the royal tombs it encases, including the tomb of Philip II, father of Alexander the Great.
Beyond the major hubs, Greece’s museums also celebrate specific aspects of Greek culture and history. The Benaki Museum in Athens offers a panoramic view of Greek art from prehistoric times to the modern era, while the Museum of Olive Oil in Sparta focuses on the traditional olive oil production methods, a crucial element of Greek culture and economy for thousands of years.
The Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, is a prominent cultural institution located in Greece’s vibrant second city, Thessaloniki. Dedicated to preserving the Macedonian heritage, the museum boasts an extensive collection of artifacts from Macedonia’s Hellenistic and Roman periods.
Visitors to the museum can enjoy a variety of exhibitions that provide a deep dive into the ancient past, from detailed mosaics and precious gold jewellery to significant sculptural works and everyday household items. These displays beautifully illustrate the rich history and cultural diversity of the region through the ages.
Each museum in Greece tells a unique story, whether it’s through glittering jewelry found in royal tombs or through the remnants of everyday life preserved in volcanic ash on Santorini. These institutions not only preserve Greek heritage but also interpret it, offering insights that resonate with both locals and tourists alike. As custodians of one of the world’s most illustrious histories, Greek museums provide a profound understanding of the human past and continue to inspire all who visit them.
Culture and tradition
The culture and tradition of Greece are among the richest and most influential in the world, deeply rooted in history, art, and philosophy. This enduring legacy has shaped Western civilization and continues to captivate people with its profound depth and diversity. Greek culture is a splendid tapestry woven from the threads of ancient mythology, Byzantine influences, and modern-day practices, creating a unique cultural identity that is both timeless and dynamic.
Greek culture has its foundations in the ancient civilizations that flourished in the region. The classical period of ancient Greece, particularly Athens, was a golden age of intellectual and artistic achievement. The era gave birth to democracy, philosophy, and the Olympic Games, which remain cornerstones of Greek culture. The myths and legends of gods and heroes, such as Zeus, Athena, and Hercules, have permeated Greek art, literature, and daily life, offering moral lessons and explaining natural phenomena.
The Greek Orthodox Church plays a significant role in Greek culture, influencing many aspects of daily life and tradition. Major religious festivals, such as Easter, are celebrated with great fervor and involve customs like the midnight Mass and the traditional lamb roast. Name days, celebrations dedicated to the saints after whom people are named, are often considered more important than birthdays in Greek tradition.