{"id":1411,"date":"2026-06-16T10:59:28","date_gmt":"2026-06-16T10:59:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.in2greece.com\/english\/historymyth\/history\/ancient\/?page_id=1411"},"modified":"2026-06-16T11:00:24","modified_gmt":"2026-06-16T11:00:24","slug":"antigonus-ii-gonatas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.in2greece.com\/english\/historymyth\/history\/ancient\/antigonos_gonatas.htm","title":{"rendered":"Antigonus II Gonatas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Short biography of Antigonus Gonatas<\/h2>\n\n\n

\"antigonus-gonatas\"Antigonus II Gonatas was the son of Demetrius the Sieger and grandson of Antigonus I of Elimiot. Antigonus II contributed to the strengthening of the Macedonian state and the prevalence of Macedonian hegemony in Greece.
And he stabilized the Elimiot dynasty of the Antigonids in the hegemony in the Macedonian kingdom for this purpose he repelled the invasion of the Gauls. , waged wars with the Ptolemies, Pyrrhus, the Achaean League, and took part in the <<Chremonid War>> having as opponents Ptolemy of Egypt and the alliance of Sparta and Athens.<\/p>\n

Antigonus II Gonatas was born in 319 BC in Gonnoi, Thessaly and died at the age of 80 in 239 BC.
It is said that he took his nickname from the name of the iron plates he wore on his knees to protect them in battle,
Another version says that he was called Gonatas, perhaps because he was born in the city of Gonnoi, Thessaly<\/p>\n

His mother was Phila, the daughter of Antipater. Antipater was a leader of Macedonia and the rest of Greece and had been recognized as regent of the empire, after the death of Alexander the Great, which theoretically remained united.
His wife was called Phila, synonymous with his mother. He had 2 children, Alcyoneus and Demetrius II
He received an excellent education from 306 to 301 BC. . he lived in Athens and on the island of Euboea in Erythra, where he was a member of the circle of of the philosopher Menedemus.
He was a student of the Stoic Zeno. in Athens and was influenced by his teachings.<\/p>\n

Antiochus II was a philosopher and gathered many poets, philosophers and historians at his court in Pella.
Zeno of Kition 334 BC 262 BC) was a Hellenistic philosopher from Kition, who created the philosophical school of Stoicism in Athens. He taught that
the duty and virtue of man must be based on reason, only then can man live according to reason, eliminating desires and passions within himself. The world of nature is the only reality. Nature is governed by rational principles. The spirit of rationality that permeates us and the world is what we call God.<\/p>\n

His participation in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC<\/h3>\n

He was 18 years old when he joined and participated in the decisive Battle of Ipsus where his grandfather Antiochus I, the so-called One-Eyed, was killed.
After the battle, this situation stabilized.
The four Hellenistic kingdoms that were created dominated Macedonia, Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt, until their gradual subjugation to the Romans.<\/p>\n

In Thebes & Boeotia with his father Demetrius Poliorcetes<\/p>\n

In 292 BC the Boeotians revolted against the Macedonians.
And while Demetrius was campaigning in Boeotia, he received news that Lysimachus, king of Thrace and enemy of his father, had been captured by Dromichaetes, a barbarian.
Hoping to seize Lysimachus\u2019 lands in Thrace and Asia, Demetrius handed over the leadership of his forces in Boeotia to his son Antigonus, then 27 years old, and advanced north.
During his absence, the Boeotians revolted, but were defeated by Antigonus, who cornered them in Thebes.<\/p>\n

His father Demetrius the Sieger returned from Asia to Boeotia and besieged Thebes and with his formidable siege engines, in early 290 BC. captured Thebes. He behaved, as usual, with long-suffering, executing only the chieftains and installed an army and a commander.
At the same time, he abolished the city’s regime.<\/p>\n

Antigonus Gonatas at some point disagreed with his father about the unjust losses of the Macedonians, when his father Demetrius returned to his son’s side in the siege of Thebes, and specifically:<\/p>\n

As the inhabitants of the city stubbornly defended themselves, Demetrius frivolously forced his men to attack with heavy losses, even though there was little hope of capturing the city. It is said that Antigonus asked his father why he was letting so many lives be wasted.
He replied that he did not care because they were not obliged to feed the dead.<\/p>\n

However, Demetrius showed the same indifference to his own life as he was seriously injured in the neck during the siege.<\/p>\n

Governor of Greek regions<\/h3>\n

Later, while his father Demetrius was busy with the battles in Macedonia and Asia Minor, Antigonus, as his regent, was concerned with maintaining the Macedonian hegemony in Greece, which had been achieved in 287 BC. He governed the Greek regions that were under Demetrius.<\/p>\n

Demetrius was captured in 285 BC by Seleucus I, who was then claiming the Macedonian kingdom.
Once captured, Demetrius was ready to give power to his son, but several rulers claimed the throne at the same time, so Antigonus . could not immediately gain power.<\/p>\n

This disputed title was assumed by Antigonus himself after the death of his father two years later, after his death in 283 BC he received the royal title
He reigned from 283 -239 BC on the throne of Macedonia. He became king, and is considered by many to be the founder of the Antigonid dynasty. He restored Macedonia as a single state ruled by his heirs<\/p>\n

Conflict with the Celts 277 BC 279 BC<\/h3>\n

When the Gauls-Celts invaded the Balkans and Ptolemy Keraunos fell in battle with them, the Macedonian throne was vacant.
In a series of short-lived rulers Antiochus Gonatas . seemed the most appropriate form: in 279 BC. AD.
With the support of Bithynia, Byzantium, Heraclea of \u200b\u200bPontus and other members of the so-called Northern League – the union of cities and kings of the northern coast of Asia Minor, he managed to defeat in the Hellespont the Celts near Lysimachia in 277 AD.
In the ensuing conflict of Lysimachia, the Gauls were crushed with enormous losses.
Nevertheless, the internal problems that Antigonus faced did not allow him to provide a final solution to the Gallic threat and so the Celts managed to occupy a large part of Thrace, where they founded the state of Tylis, which for 70 years forced the nearby Greek cities to pay taxes in order to avoid raids.<\/p>\n

A second section (which included most of the Celts of Komondorius who survived the defeat in Greece) crossed into Asia Minor, occupied the region of Phrygia and eventually founded a state which was called Gaul, since Antiochus did not manage to stop them, despite his victory against them in the so-called Battle of the Elephants (275 BC).
His recognition as king 276 BC
Support of the Greeks, liberation of Cassandria and elimination of other self-proclaimed hypocrites in 276 BC e., Antiochus opened the way to the diadem of the Macedonian king.<\/p>\n

After this success, he was recognized as king by the Macedonians<\/p>\n

Pyrrhus conquers Upper Macedonia<\/p>\n

Pyrrhus, whose kingdom was located west of Macedonia, was a man of exceptional abilities, particularly known for his bravery, but who did not use his talent wisely and who was caught up in false hopes. 273 BC<\/p>\n

After Macedonia, Epirus also began to develop. King Pyrrhus wanted to create a great state in the West, like Alexander in the East. So he campaigned in Italy, where he defeated the Romans twice. But in the end he was defeated.<\/p>\n

Pyrrhus’ defeat, however, turned into misfortune for Antigonus. His return to Epirus with 8,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry meant that he had to find money to compensate them and maintain them for future campaigns.
He had to resort to war again, so the following year, after adding Gallic mercenaries to his army, he invaded Macedonia in 273 BC.<\/p>\n

His campaign was even better than expected, which awakened in him a passion for conquest, and made him go further than his original goals.<\/p>\n

Having captured many cities and allied himself with two thousand former men of Antigonus, his hopes were rekindled and he decided to pursue Antigonus himself.<\/p>\n

He attacked his army in a narrow area, causing confusion. The Macedonian army retreated, leaving behind a few Gallic.
Although they resisted bravely, they eventually fell. Among them were those in charge of Antigonus’ elephants.
The latter stood their ground, until they were surrounded by Pyrrhus’ men and were forced to surrender, giving up their elephants.<\/p>\n

Pyrrhus also pursued the remaining soldiers of Antigonus, who, having lost their morale, refused to fight.
As the two armies faced each other, Pyrrhus called out the various officers by name, convincing them to flee. Antigonus escaped with a few men, hiding his true identity.<\/p>\n

Pyrrhus now had control of Upper Macedonia and Thessaly, while Antigonus had control of coastal cities, including Thessaloniki, to which he had fled.<\/p>\n

Occupying Aigai, the ancient capital of Macedonia, he installed a garrison of Gauls.
The latter, greedy and strangers to the land, insulted the Macedonians by digging up their ancestral graves and scattering the remains as they searched for gold.
Pyrrhus was indifferent and postponed the punishment. Furthermore, he neglected to constitute his opponent.
Leaving him in control of the coastal cities, he was content with simple insults.<\/p>\n

He called Antigonus a shameless man who still wore the royal colors, that is, the purple of kings, but did almost nothing to destroy the remnants of his power.<\/p>\n

This happened during the reign of Antigonus II Gonatas
\u2018Thus for several years Antiochus II had to fight Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and only in 272 BC did he manage to take control of Macedonia and Greece.<\/p>\n

His system of government in Greece was based on maintaining tyrants in power, supported by a pro-Macedonian oligarchy and military garrisons, which caused discontent.<\/p>\n

Antigonus & Pyrrhus in the Peloponnese 273-274 BC<\/h3>\n

During another campaign in southern Greece, Pyrrhus appeared in Argos.
Antigonus followed Pyrrhus of Epirus when the latter marched into the Peloponnese. and when Pyrrhus died in Argos in 272, Antigonus\u2019 control of Macedonia was secure.<\/p>\n

Leader of the Thessalian League<\/h3>\n

He was now also the leader of the Thessalian League and had good relations with neighboring Illyria and Thrace.
He secured his position in Greece by maintaining Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalkis in Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three \u201cbundles\u201d of Greece.<\/p>\n

Supported cities of the Peloponnese<\/strong><\/p>\n

From there on, he supported the pro-Macedonian faction in various cities of the Peloponnese and the rise to power of the tyrants in Sikyona, Argos, Elis and Megalopolis.<\/p>\n

In order for Greece to remain in a state of complete dependence by controlling the straits and the supply of grain from the southern Russian region, Macedonia – its strength restored – only needed to gain dominance in the Aegean Sea.<\/p>\n

Chremonidian War 267 261 AD<\/p>\n

To prevent the danger of domination of the Aegean by the Macedonians, the king of Sparta Ares and the city of Athens, at the instigation of Ptolemy II of Egypt, declared war for the liberation of Greece.<\/p>\n

Sparta and Athens wanted to get rid of the Macedonians, the movement was led by Chremonides, the Athenian leader, after whom this war was named.<\/p>\n

Thus in 274 BC, Antigonus, trying to regain his dominance in the Aegean, clashed with the Spartans and the Athenians, who had united with other cities of the Peloponnese.<\/p>\n

However, he had already strengthened his position in Greece, but the only thing missing for complete control was the ability to trade with Egypt and Asia by sea. In 267 BC, Antigonus defeated Sparta<\/p>\n

Although the Egyptian fleet had blocked the Saronic Gulf, in 265 BC
The Athenian and Peloponnesian armies were defeated in the Corinth area by Antigonus’ troops.
In the battle, the Spartan king Ares II was killed.
and then besieged Athens. in 261 BC. \u0399In 263 BC Athens capitulated to Antigonus of Macedon. Macedonian garrisons were established in the Museum and in Piraeus. The city was occupied by the Macedonian garrison, which also occupied Corinth.<\/p>\n

The Athenian officials were replaced by Antigonus’ appointees, and Athens became little more than a Macedonian provincial city.
The victory in this war led to a period of great prosperity for Macedonia in Greece, and it was not until 243 BC that Corinth was liberated from Macedonian rule.<\/p>\n

-The alliance with the Seleucid Antiochus II<\/h3>\n

Immediately after the Chremonid War, Antigonus joined forces with the Seleucid Antiochus II against their common enemy, Ptolemy II. Whether his naval victory at Kos, which secured Antigonus the Aegean and the League of the Islanders, belongs to this (255 BC) or to the Chremonid War (261 BC) is uncertain.
261 BC Great victory of Antigonus in a naval battle in the area of \u200b\u200bKos. The Koinon of the Islanders becomes a protectorate of Antigonus.
260-253 BC. Sparta and Athens wanted to get rid of the Macedonians, the movement was led by Chremonides, the Athenian leader, after whom this war was named. . Second Syrian War. Ptolemy Philadelphus turns against Antiochus II Theos and Antigonus’ ally. In this war, Ptolemy, despite his initial losses, mainly of Asian possessions, manages to conclude an almost hopelessly favorable treaty with Antiochus. This allows him to continue the war against Antigonus. 255 BC. Athens regains its autonomy.<\/p>\n

Alliance with Ptolemy<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 255 BC, peace was concluded with Ptolemy and by marrying his stepbrother Demetrius the Fair to Berenice of Cyrene, Antigonus consolidated Macedonian influence in this neighboring country of Egypt.<\/p>\n

Alexander’s Revolution<\/strong><\/p>\n

However, his position in Greece was now shaken by a series of upheavals. In 253 BC, nephew and regent of Antigonus, revolted in Corinth with the help of Ptolemy and declared himself an independent monarch.<\/p>\n

Antigonus lost Corinth and Chalkis, the two bases from which he dominated southern Greece.<\/p>\n

As the Aetolians had captured Thermopylae, he was cut off from Athens and the Peloponnese.<\/p>\n

In 252 BC Corinth and Euboea fell from Antiochus’ control, but thanks to skillful diplomacy, the king managed to regain these areas.
The death of Alexander,<\/p>\n

A short time later his rebellious nephew Alexander dies. After Alexander’s death, however, Antigonus gave Nicaea, Alexander’s widow, to his son Demetrius in marriage and with this move he regained Corinth in 244. AD<\/p>\n

The naval battle of Andros in 244 AD<\/h3>\n

However, by defeating the Egyptian fleet at Andros around 244 AD, Antigonus was able to maintain his hegemony in the Aegean.
In 246-245 BC in alliance with the Seleucids, Antiochus II. re-entered the fight against the Ptolemies (Third Syrian War), winning a significant victory at the naval battle of Andros in 245 BC e., shaking Egypt’s position in Asia Minor and Thrace
. However, resentment against Aetolian rule grew in Greece, which prompted him to ally with the Aetolian League.<\/p>\n

After this, Antiochus . decided not to interfere any more in the conflicts of the Greek cities, trying to keep for himself what was left of his previous acquisitions. At the end of his life he studied philosophy and poetry.<\/p>\n

The conflict with the Achaean League 243 BC<\/h3>\n

In the meantime, the Achaean League was becoming a dangerous opponent.
From 251 BC was under the leadership of Aratus of Sicyon and received financial aid from Ptolemy II.
In vain Antigonus sent gifts to win Aratus.<\/p>\n

In 245 BC the Aetolian League defeated the Boeotians at Chaeronea.
In 243 BC, without a declaration of war, Aratus made a surprise attack on Corinth and forced the Macedonian occupying troops to withdraw.
Megara, Troezen and Epidaurus were also ravaged by Antigonus.<\/p>\n

Alliance with the Aetolian League<\/h3>\n

He made no attempt to recover these territories, but instead entered into an alliance with the Aetolian League, which made unsuccessful plundering raids into the Peloponnese.
In 239 BC, Antigonus died at the age of 80 and left his kingdom to his son Demetrius II, who was to reign for the next 10 years.<\/p>\n

Antigonus inherited intelligence, cunning and cold calculation from his mother and grandfather and considered himself entitled to possess the empire of Alexander the Great, which was divided among his generals, although it officially remained united
239 BC Demetrius II succeeds Antigonus Gonatas on the throne of Macedonia.
After the death of Antiochus II, his wife Berenice, daughter of Ptolemy II and sister of the new king of Egypt, Ptolemy III the Benefactor, was murdered.
Ptolemy reacted by invading Syria and in a surprisingly short period of time capturing a large part of the Seleucid Empire<\/p>\n

The assessment of his abilities<\/h3>\n

Apart from a brief period in which he defeated the Gauls, Antigonus II was not a heroic or successful military leader. His abilities were mainly political. He preferred to rely on cunning, patience, and perseverance to achieve his goals.<\/p>\n

It is also said of him that he won the affection of his subjects with his honesty and cultivation of the arts, which he achieved by gathering around him distinguished literary figures, especially philosophers, poets and historians.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Short biography of Antigonus Gonatas Antigonus II Gonatas was the son of Demetrius the Sieger and grandson of Antigonus I of Elimiot. Antigonus II contributed to the strengthening of the Macedonian state and the prevalence of Macedonian hegemony in Greece.And he stabilized the Elimiot dynasty of the Antigonids in the hegemony in the Macedonian kingdom
+ Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1412,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1411","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nAntigonus II Gonatas, a short biography<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Antigonus II Gonatas was the son of Demetrius the Sieger and grandson of Antigonus I of Elimiot. 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